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"Experimental observation of the quantum
Hall effect and Berry's phase in graphene," by Yuanbo Zhang,
Yan-Wen Tan, Horst L. Stormer, and Philip Kim, Nature, 438(7065):
201-4, 10 November 2005.
[Authors' affiliation: Columbia University, New York, NY]
Abstract: "When electrons are confined
in two-dimensional materials, quantum-mechanically enhanced transport
phenomena such as the quantum Hall effect can be observed. Graphene,
consisting of an isolated single atomic layer of graphite, is an ideal
realization of such a two-dimensional system. However, its behaviour is
expected to differ markedly from the well-studied case of quantum wells in
conventional semiconductor interfaces. This difference arises from the
unique electronic properties of graphene, which exhibits electron-hole
degeneracy and vanishing carrier mass near the point of charge neutrality.
Indeed, a distinctive half-integer quantum Hall effect has been predicted
theoretically, as has the existence of a non-zero Berry's phase (a geometric
quantum phase) of the electron wave function--a consequence of the
exceptional topology of the graphene band structure. Recent advances in
micromechanical extraction and fabrication techniques for graphite
structures now permit such exotic two-dimensional electron systems to be
probed experimentally. Here we report an experimental investigation of
magneto-transport in a high-mobility single layer of graphene. Adjusting the
chemical potential with the use of the electric field effect, we observe an
unusual half-integer quantum Hall effect for both electron and hole carriers
in graphene. The relevance of Berry's phase to these experiments is
confirmed by magneto-oscillations. In addition to their purely scientific
interest, these unusual quantum transport phenomena may lead to new
applications in carbon-based electronic and magneto-electronic devices."
This 2005 Nature report was cited
48 times in current journal articles indexed by Thomson
Scientific during July-August 2007. With this latest two-month tally, the
paper retains its standing from the previous count for May-June, scoring yet
again as the second-most-cited physics paper published in the last two
years, aside from reviews. Prior to the most recent bimonthly count,
citations to the paper have accrued as follows:
May-June 2007: 51 citations
March-April 2007: 27
January-February 2007: 32
November-December 2006: 31
September-October 2006: 20
July-August 2006: 27
May-June 2006: 15
March-April 2006: 8
January-February 2006: 1
November-December 2005: 1
Total citations to date: 261
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