Rankings can also be made using research concentration by country. To calculate these rankings, field size and country output must both be taken into consideration. Each field exhibits a different publication rate, with the greatest percentage of papers worldwide published in the fields of Clinical Medicine (24%), Chemistry (14%), and Physics (13%); and the fewest number of papers in the areas of Computer Science, Economics, Mathematics, and Space Science (1 to 2% each).

National percentages of papers in each field generally follow a pattern similar to the worldwide figures above. However, some nations publish a higher percentage of their total papers in a given field than the average world output. Those with the highest national percentage in each field, relative to national output, are ranked below.

Beginning with Agricultural Science, which accounts for 2.3% of papers worldwide, New Zealand ranks first in highest percentage of its published papers in this field, with 7% of national scientific output devoted to agriculture. New Zealand, in other words, is producing 3 times as many papers relative to its size than the world percentage in agriculture. Denmark's portion of its scientific output is almost twice the world percentage in Biology & Biochemistry (11.9% of Denmark's papers, versus a world percentage of 7.6) Poland's national concentration in Chemistry, at 28.5%, is more than twice the world percentage. And Clinical Medicine, as mentioned above, constitutes 24% of the world scientific literature, but the field accounts for 34% of published papers from Austria.

Singapore, which produces less than 0.5 of 1% of papers worldwide, publishes a national percentage of papers in Computer Science that is 4 times the worldwide percentage (4.59% of Singapore's output versus a world figure of 1.16%), while its national percentage of Engineering papers is 3.5 times the world figure. Another small nation, South Africa, produces a percentage of its overall literature that is 3 times the global figure in Plant & Animal Science; in Ecology/Environment, South African's percentage of its overall output is twice the worldwide mark. In Physics, which accounts for 13% of the world’s papers, the Ukraine's portion of its scientific output is 3 times the average, with 39% of its national effort in this field. And in Space Science, a smaller field with 1.2% of world share, Chile tops the list with 9% of its output.

Among nations that overall publish between 1 and 2% of the world’s output, Norway publishes 7.3% of its papers in Geosciences, over 2.5 times the world percentage, and South Korea publishes 10% of its papers in Materials Science, also 2.5 times the global figure. Scotland publishes 1.5 times the world percentage in the fields of Microbiology and Molecular Biology & Genetics.

Moving on to the larger nations, Sweden's percentage of its overall papers in the fields of Immunology and Neuroscience is 1.5 times the world figure, while the United States of America's concentration in Social Sciences exceeds the world percentage by a similar margin. Canada's concentration in Psychology/Psychiatry is twice the world percentage, as is England's national output of papers in Economics/Business. Finally, Japan's portion of its output in Pharmacology is slightly higher than the world figure.

Some of these results are not surprising. In Space Science, for example, Chile hosts a number of major national and international observatories. Singapore has positioned itself as the high-tech center of Southeast Asia. And what could represent Scotland's concentration in Molecular Biology & Genetics better than Dolly, the celebrated cloned sheep? Other rankings may require further investigation. Subsequent editions of the Countries section of in-cites will be addressing these and other issues, providing in-depth discussion of the facts behind the figures.